Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) in Holstein cattle is an autosomal recessive congenital disease characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, delayed wound healing and stunted growth, and is also associated with persistent marked neutrophilia.Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) in Holstein cattle is an autosomal recessive congenital disease characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, delayed wound healing and stunted growth, and is also associated with persistent marked neutrophilia.
What causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Leukocyte adhesion syndromes are rare, genetic disorders. LAD I is caused by mutations of the ITGB2 gene. LAD II is caused by mutations of the SLC35C1 gene. The genetic defect in LAD III is a mutation in the gene for Kindlin 3, a protein essential for all integrins activation.
How common is bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
It was first identified in the early 1980s in Holstein-Friesian cattle. There have been no reports of this disease in other breeds. Heterozygous carriers are clinically normal but heterozygous cows and bulls have a 25% chance of producing homozygous calves that are affected by the disease.
What are the symptoms of leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss.
How is leukocyte adhesion deficiency treated?
Treatment of leukocyte adhesion deficiency is with prophylactic antibiotics, often given continuously (usually trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). Granulocyte transfusions can also help.
How long can you live with leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
The leukocyte adhesion deficiency prognosis varies depending on the severity of the disease; it is usually fatal before one year of age. Moderate LAD cases can live longer than the third decade of life with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
What protein is deficient in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) type I is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficient expression of CD18, a cell membrane adhesion protein that is essential for migration of neutrophils from blood vessels to sites of inflammation (Chapters 12 and 21).
What is complex vertebral malformation?
Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) is a recessive genetic defect that results in embryonic death and stillborn or deformed calves. CVM is a genetic condition caused by a recessive gene mutation. This means an animal must receive a copy from each parent to be affected.